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	<title>Comments on: The universe is structured like a language</title>
	<atom:link href="http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/</link>
	<description>Random samplings from a universe of ideas</description>
	<pubDate>Mon, 06 Oct 2008 22:45:40 +0000</pubDate>
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		<title>By: Arbitrary Chronological Signifiers &#124; Cosmic Variance</title>
		<link>http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/#comment-166978</link>
		<dc:creator>Arbitrary Chronological Signifiers &#124; Cosmic Variance</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 31 Dec 2006 22:40:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cosmicvariance.com/?p=833#comment-166978</guid>
		<description>[...] The Universe is Structured Like a Language [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] The Universe is Structured Like a Language [...]</p>
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		<title>By: After Reading a Child&#8217;s Guide to Modern Physics &#124; Cosmic Variance</title>
		<link>http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/#comment-130594</link>
		<dc:creator>After Reading a Child&#8217;s Guide to Modern Physics &#124; Cosmic Variance</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Nov 2006 17:07:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cosmicvariance.com/?p=833#comment-130594</guid>
		<description>[...] Ol&#8217; Wystan is right; we do have a better time than most of the universe. It would be no fun to constantly worry that &#8220;a lover&#8217;s kiss / Would either not be felt / Or break the loved one&#8217;s neck.&#8221; And in a sense, it&#8217;s surprising (one might almost say unnatural) that our local conditions allow for the build-up of the delicate complexity necessary to nurture passion and poetry among we creatures of median size. [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] Ol&#8217; Wystan is right; we do have a better time than most of the universe. It would be no fun to constantly worry that &#8220;a lover&#8217;s kiss / Would either not be felt / Or break the loved one&#8217;s neck.&#8221; And in a sense, it&#8217;s surprising (one might almost say unnatural) that our local conditions allow for the build-up of the delicate complexity necessary to nurture passion and poetry among we creatures of median size. [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Samuel A. (Sam) Cox</title>
		<link>http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/#comment-27736</link>
		<dc:creator>Samuel A. (Sam) Cox</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 May 2006 20:30:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cosmicvariance.com/?p=833#comment-27736</guid>
		<description>In a universe where SR and GR can be considered "laws", locally flat and globally marginally closed hyperspherical space and finite cosmic mass are givens. 

The concept demands entanglement, invaniant frames of reference, inverse mapping and at lest two three spaces ( I don't personally care for the word "brane" ). 

These realities of existence combined with the permanence of existence produce a sytem of stored, embedded information which phylogenically evolves over eternity- single process time being the one infinite dimension of existence.

The result...an imperfect universe, very good and very impressive, but always falling short of perfection in some way...very much the universe we live in...

To be sure, if the universe is finite in mass, random quantum fluctuations MUST HAVE an absolute eternity, with no beginning or end to produce information and developing complexity of the kind we observe.

Eternity is beyond our comprehension. Speculation about a beginning, or ending is very much antithetical to the concept.

Because of entanglement, invariance and yet the existence of a time concept, a phylogenically developing universe does leave room for a "God" concept.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In a universe where SR and GR can be considered &#8220;laws&#8221;, locally flat and globally marginally closed hyperspherical space and finite cosmic mass are givens. </p>
<p>The concept demands entanglement, invaniant frames of reference, inverse mapping and at lest two three spaces ( I don&#8217;t personally care for the word &#8220;brane&#8221; ). </p>
<p>These realities of existence combined with the permanence of existence produce a sytem of stored, embedded information which phylogenically evolves over eternity- single process time being the one infinite dimension of existence.</p>
<p>The result&#8230;an imperfect universe, very good and very impressive, but always falling short of perfection in some way&#8230;very much the universe we live in&#8230;</p>
<p>To be sure, if the universe is finite in mass, random quantum fluctuations MUST HAVE an absolute eternity, with no beginning or end to produce information and developing complexity of the kind we observe.</p>
<p>Eternity is beyond our comprehension. Speculation about a beginning, or ending is very much antithetical to the concept.</p>
<p>Because of entanglement, invariance and yet the existence of a time concept, a phylogenically developing universe does leave room for a &#8220;God&#8221; concept.</p>
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		<title>By: Plato</title>
		<link>http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/#comment-26564</link>
		<dc:creator>Plato</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2006 17:22:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cosmicvariance.com/?p=833#comment-26564</guid>
		<description>&lt;a href="http://www.2ndlaw.com/entropy.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;There is but one kind of entropy change. Entropy change is due to energy dispersal to, from, or within a system (as a function of temperature.), measured by microstate change:&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/a&gt;

Having access to this information(close to the beginning as &lt;a href="http://www.physics.adelaide.edu.au/theory/staff/leinweber/VisualQCD/QCDvacuum/Tonys640x480.jpg" rel="nofollow"&gt;Quark Gluon perceptions&lt;/a&gt;) is not of course without, what could indicate "information loss" from microstate blackhole creation? We sent our measures down to this level?

&lt;b&gt;Entanglement Interpretation of Black Hole Entropy in String Theory&lt;/b&gt;

&lt;a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0508217" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;This allows the comparison of the entanglement entropy with the entropy of the field theory dual, and thus, with the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of the black hole. As an example, we discuss in detail the case of the five dimensional anti-de Sitter, black hole spacetime&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/a&gt;


Measurement would be very important, as well, secondary particle emissions from cosmic partice collisions? So we look for the conditions, RHIC, LHC or otherwise? Alice.:)</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.2ndlaw.com/entropy.html" rel="nofollow"><br />
<blockquote>There is but one kind of entropy change. Entropy change is due to energy dispersal to, from, or within a system (as a function of temperature.), measured by microstate change:</p></blockquote>
<p></a></p>
<p>Having access to this information(close to the beginning as <a href="http://www.physics.adelaide.edu.au/theory/staff/leinweber/VisualQCD/QCDvacuum/Tonys640x480.jpg" rel="nofollow">Quark Gluon perceptions</a>) is not of course without, what could indicate &#8220;information loss&#8221; from microstate blackhole creation? We sent our measures down to this level?</p>
<p><b>Entanglement Interpretation of Black Hole Entropy in String Theory</b></p>
<p><a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0508217" rel="nofollow"><br />
<blockquote>This allows the comparison of the entanglement entropy with the entropy of the field theory dual, and thus, with the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of the black hole. As an example, we discuss in detail the case of the five dimensional anti-de Sitter, black hole spacetime</p></blockquote>
<p></a></p>
<p>Measurement would be very important, as well, secondary particle emissions from cosmic partice collisions? So we look for the conditions, RHIC, LHC or otherwise? Alice.:)</p>
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		<title>By: Rick</title>
		<link>http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/#comment-26559</link>
		<dc:creator>Rick</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2006 16:52:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cosmicvariance.com/?p=833#comment-26559</guid>
		<description>As an interested layperson, I'm intrigued by discussions such as this...or at least as much as I understand of it. 

I think language is algorithmic, in the same sense that physics, math and other sciences are. It has a 26-symbol code base, and can be assembled in sequences such as everyone has done in this post to convey incredibly complex concepts with relatively few symbol choices. 

I've been working on a system that is based on interpreting a letter &lt;em&gt;shape&lt;/em&gt; as a significant part of each letter's communicative purpose (drawing from information theory). The combination of letter shapes found within a word are used to store it's context and entropic value, whereas currently we generally just have definition associated with letter sequence, allowing for multiple definitions, ambiguity and misunderstanding. 

The intent is that scientific concepts can be captured and encapsulated with the combinations of letter shapes chosen to represent them. It accomplishes two things. It introduces a common language of communication between researchers of varied disciplines, and it provides a coded structure of familiarity to manipulate in search of new discovery. 

What's this got to do with this discussion thread? Perhaps nothing, and I apologize if I'm butting in...as I said, I don't have a scientific background, I'm simply intrigued by all this. 

Finally, in query of "Concerned Scientist's" observation above: 'It's brilliant, but it's not science', I ask simply, why the assumption that science is the sole scion of truth?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>As an interested layperson, I&#8217;m intrigued by discussions such as this&#8230;or at least as much as I understand of it. </p>
<p>I think language is algorithmic, in the same sense that physics, math and other sciences are. It has a 26-symbol code base, and can be assembled in sequences such as everyone has done in this post to convey incredibly complex concepts with relatively few symbol choices. </p>
<p>I&#8217;ve been working on a system that is based on interpreting a letter <em>shape</em> as a significant part of each letter&#8217;s communicative purpose (drawing from information theory). The combination of letter shapes found within a word are used to store it&#8217;s context and entropic value, whereas currently we generally just have definition associated with letter sequence, allowing for multiple definitions, ambiguity and misunderstanding. </p>
<p>The intent is that scientific concepts can be captured and encapsulated with the combinations of letter shapes chosen to represent them. It accomplishes two things. It introduces a common language of communication between researchers of varied disciplines, and it provides a coded structure of familiarity to manipulate in search of new discovery. </p>
<p>What&#8217;s this got to do with this discussion thread? Perhaps nothing, and I apologize if I&#8217;m butting in&#8230;as I said, I don&#8217;t have a scientific background, I&#8217;m simply intrigued by all this. </p>
<p>Finally, in query of &#8220;Concerned Scientist&#8217;s&#8221; observation above: &#8216;It&#8217;s brilliant, but it&#8217;s not science&#8217;, I ask simply, why the assumption that science is the sole scion of truth?</p>
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		<title>By: Plato</title>
		<link>http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/#comment-26558</link>
		<dc:creator>Plato</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2006 16:48:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cosmicvariance.com/?p=833#comment-26558</guid>
		<description>I still like Gellman's term (Plectics) and the leading thought that arises from "measured responses" as to what was supersymmetrical could have been simple(?) to what is easily thought about in such entanglements today?

&lt;b&gt;Gellman&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;Blockquote&gt;&lt;i&gt;The name that I propose for our subject is "plectics," derived, like mathematics, ethics, politics, economics, and so on, from the Greek. Since plektos with no prefix comes from *plek- , but without any commitment to the notion of "once" as in "simple" or to the notion of "together" as in "complex," the derived word "plectics" can cover both simplicity and complexity.

It is appropriate that plectics refers to entanglement or the lack thereof, since entanglement is a key feature of the way complexity arises out of simplicity, making our subject worth studying.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I still like Gellman&#8217;s term (Plectics) and the leading thought that arises from &#8220;measured responses&#8221; as to what was supersymmetrical could have been simple(?) to what is easily thought about in such entanglements today?</p>
<p><b>Gellman</b>:<br />
<blockquote><i>The name that I propose for our subject is &#8220;plectics,&#8221; derived, like mathematics, ethics, politics, economics, and so on, from the Greek. Since plektos with no prefix comes from *plek- , but without any commitment to the notion of &#8220;once&#8221; as in &#8220;simple&#8221; or to the notion of &#8220;together&#8221; as in &#8220;complex,&#8221; the derived word &#8220;plectics&#8221; can cover both simplicity and complexity.</p>
<p>It is appropriate that plectics refers to entanglement or the lack thereof, since entanglement is a key feature of the way complexity arises out of simplicity, making our subject worth studying.</i></p></blockquote>
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		<title>By: adam</title>
		<link>http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/#comment-26550</link>
		<dc:creator>adam</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2006 13:40:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cosmicvariance.com/?p=833#comment-26550</guid>
		<description>Well, there's Theory of Quantum Information and then there's Theory of Foundations. The latter wasn't getting much money but it's certainly able to cast a fair amount of their stuff into a QIT mould. Good luck to them and it makes sense, often enough.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Well, there&#8217;s Theory of Quantum Information and then there&#8217;s Theory of Foundations. The latter wasn&#8217;t getting much money but it&#8217;s certainly able to cast a fair amount of their stuff into a QIT mould. Good luck to them and it makes sense, often enough.</p>
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		<title>By: Cynthia</title>
		<link>http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/#comment-26539</link>
		<dc:creator>Cynthia</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2006 11:31:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cosmicvariance.com/?p=833#comment-26539</guid>
		<description>PK: In spite of your specific rank in the food chain, it is encouraging that your ecosystem of quantum computing/quantum crytography is sharing its abundant food chain with its theory-members.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>PK: In spite of your specific rank in the food chain, it is encouraging that your ecosystem of quantum computing/quantum crytography is sharing its abundant food chain with its theory-members.</p>
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		<title>By: Samuel A. (Sam) Cox</title>
		<link>http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/#comment-26537</link>
		<dc:creator>Samuel A. (Sam) Cox</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2006 11:27:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cosmicvariance.com/?p=833#comment-26537</guid>
		<description>Sean,

You WILL hear about this!...but I'm truly happy to see you bravely attempting to seriously or manybe not so seriously attack the problem of complexity in the universe. In fact, complexity is so embedded, even (and necessarily) in the inorganic universe, this reality must be systematically addressed if modern physics is to be credible.

In a universe of finite mass, eternal time (the one infinite dimension of a hyperspherical universe) and higher dimensionality are the two keys to understanding complexity. Although the universe is finite and spatially closed, it has had forever to develop complexity....Best Wishes, Sam Cox</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Sean,</p>
<p>You WILL hear about this!&#8230;but I&#8217;m truly happy to see you bravely attempting to seriously or manybe not so seriously attack the problem of complexity in the universe. In fact, complexity is so embedded, even (and necessarily) in the inorganic universe, this reality must be systematically addressed if modern physics is to be credible.</p>
<p>In a universe of finite mass, eternal time (the one infinite dimension of a hyperspherical universe) and higher dimensionality are the two keys to understanding complexity. Although the universe is finite and spatially closed, it has had forever to develop complexity&#8230;.Best Wishes, Sam Cox</p>
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		<title>By: PK</title>
		<link>http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/#comment-26525</link>
		<dc:creator>PK</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2006 09:47:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cosmicvariance.com/?p=833#comment-26525</guid>
		<description>Cynthia, I'm afraid I'm not that far up the food chain...

adam, I did foundations of quantum theory as a physics undergraduate before doing a Ph.D. in quantum information. I think foundations of QT was a very good starting point for learning quantum information, because you study quantum theory in a very formal way (nowadays we have specialised courses and research groups). So I have no problem when the foundations people try to eat from this trough. They have a small appetite anyway.

There are other areas in physics that take the mickey much more when it comes to grant applications. I won't say who, but you know who you are... ;-)

PS. Too bad the &lt;i&gt;sup&lt;/i&gt; tag did not work in my earlier comment (it did in the preview). I meant of course hbar^3N.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Cynthia, I&#8217;m afraid I&#8217;m not that far up the food chain&#8230;</p>
<p>adam, I did foundations of quantum theory as a physics undergraduate before doing a Ph.D. in quantum information. I think foundations of QT was a very good starting point for learning quantum information, because you study quantum theory in a very formal way (nowadays we have specialised courses and research groups). So I have no problem when the foundations people try to eat from this trough. They have a small appetite anyway.</p>
<p>There are other areas in physics that take the mickey much more when it comes to grant applications. I won&#8217;t say who, but you know who you are&#8230; <img src='http://cosmicvariance.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_wink.gif' alt=';-)' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
<p>PS. Too bad the <i>sup</i> tag did not work in my earlier comment (it did in the preview). I meant of course hbar^3N.</p>
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		<title>By: Elliot</title>
		<link>http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/#comment-26449</link>
		<dc:creator>Elliot</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2006 03:24:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cosmicvariance.com/?p=833#comment-26449</guid>
		<description>The interface between physics and information theory is a very interesting area. I recommend "Maxwell's Demon" edited by Leff and Rex for a series of interesting articles on this interface including one of my favorites Jerome Rothstein's information theoretic interpretation of QM. The fact that information is "physical" vs. an abstract concept is something it takes a little time to get one's mind around but has profound implications.

Also re: complexity I think I have mentioned the work of Stuart Kauffman on this blog before. He is a very smart guy with an interesting view of the emergence of complexity. Also at one point a compatriot of Lee Smolin.

I am not necessarily quite ready to say the universe IS a quantum computer but that model may provide some insights into some of the outstanding cosmological mysteries and therefore should be considered at "least ;)" as valuable as any anthropic arguments.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The interface between physics and information theory is a very interesting area. I recommend &#8220;Maxwell&#8217;s Demon&#8221; edited by Leff and Rex for a series of interesting articles on this interface including one of my favorites Jerome Rothstein&#8217;s information theoretic interpretation of QM. The fact that information is &#8220;physical&#8221; vs. an abstract concept is something it takes a little time to get one&#8217;s mind around but has profound implications.</p>
<p>Also re: complexity I think I have mentioned the work of Stuart Kauffman on this blog before. He is a very smart guy with an interesting view of the emergence of complexity. Also at one point a compatriot of Lee Smolin.</p>
<p>I am not necessarily quite ready to say the universe IS a quantum computer but that model may provide some insights into some of the outstanding cosmological mysteries and therefore should be considered at &#8220;least ;)&#8221; as valuable as any anthropic arguments.</p>
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		<title>By: adam</title>
		<link>http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/#comment-26331</link>
		<dc:creator>adam</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2006 02:25:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cosmicvariance.com/?p=833#comment-26331</guid>
		<description>It might well be that some people that were previously doing Foundations of Quantum Theory are now called Quantum Information Theorists of some sort, at least when funding is requested.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>It might well be that some people that were previously doing Foundations of Quantum Theory are now called Quantum Information Theorists of some sort, at least when funding is requested.</p>
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		<title>By: Cynthia</title>
		<link>http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/#comment-26220</link>
		<dc:creator>Cynthia</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2006 01:08:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cosmicvariance.com/?p=833#comment-26220</guid>
		<description>PK: I am pleased to hear that you an active recipient of "large suitcases full of money." Sounds like quantum computing is a best-kept-secret among the few of you. Way to go!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>PK: I am pleased to hear that you an active recipient of &#8220;large suitcases full of money.&#8221; Sounds like quantum computing is a best-kept-secret among the few of you. Way to go!</p>
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		<title>By: TorbjÃ¶rn Larsson</title>
		<link>http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/#comment-26192</link>
		<dc:creator>TorbjÃ¶rn Larsson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2006 00:54:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cosmicvariance.com/?p=833#comment-26192</guid>
		<description>uups. The definition is in Fig 2, not Box 1.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>uups. The definition is in Fig 2, not Box 1.</p>
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		<title>By: TorbjÃ¶rn Larsson</title>
		<link>http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/#comment-26164</link>
		<dc:creator>TorbjÃ¶rn Larsson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2006 00:42:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cosmicvariance.com/?p=833#comment-26164</guid>
		<description>From the posts desciption of complexity situated between two simple states, I'm reminded of an analogous problem observed in consciousness research. Brain connections can't be completely random or regular. Kolmogorov complexity fails to describe that too.

Some tries to define appropriate complexity measures. One such is found in http://www.striz.org/docs/tononi-complexity.pdf with the situation vs Kolmogorov described in the Fig in Box 2, and the definition in Box 1. (Note: The paper is from "Trends in Cognitive Sciences". I haven't found the original.)</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>From the posts desciption of complexity situated between two simple states, I&#8217;m reminded of an analogous problem observed in consciousness research. Brain connections can&#8217;t be completely random or regular. Kolmogorov complexity fails to describe that too.</p>
<p>Some tries to define appropriate complexity measures. One such is found in <a href="http://www.striz.org/docs/tononi-complexity.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.striz.org/docs/tononi-complexity.pdf</a> with the situation vs Kolmogorov described in the Fig in Box 2, and the definition in Box 1. (Note: The paper is from &#8220;Trends in Cognitive Sciences&#8221;. I haven&#8217;t found the original.)</p>
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		<title>By: PK</title>
		<link>http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/#comment-26158</link>
		<dc:creator>PK</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2006 00:38:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cosmicvariance.com/?p=833#comment-26158</guid>
		<description>adam, that is indeed what I meant. Thanks.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>adam, that is indeed what I meant. Thanks.</p>
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		<title>By: PK</title>
		<link>http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/#comment-26142</link>
		<dc:creator>PK</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2006 00:30:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cosmicvariance.com/?p=833#comment-26142</guid>
		<description>The entropy of &lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt; particles depends on your choice of fine-graining. The minimum size of a cell in phase space is typically chosen as hbar3&lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;, but this is ultimately an arbitrary choice. Who knows what goes on at extremely small scales. For all we know, there is an enormous amount of complexity that is averaged out. Think of the aliens at the end of &lt;i&gt;Men in Black&lt;/i&gt;. The question is thus whether we really have an increase in complexity followed by a decrease.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The entropy of <i>N</i> particles depends on your choice of fine-graining. The minimum size of a cell in phase space is typically chosen as hbar3<i>N</i>, but this is ultimately an arbitrary choice. Who knows what goes on at extremely small scales. For all we know, there is an enormous amount of complexity that is averaged out. Think of the aliens at the end of <i>Men in Black</i>. The question is thus whether we really have an increase in complexity followed by a decrease.</p>
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		<title>By: adam</title>
		<link>http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/#comment-26138</link>
		<dc:creator>adam</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2006 00:26:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cosmicvariance.com/?p=833#comment-26138</guid>
		<description>PK, by 'cannot solve', do you mean 'cannot solve in polynomial time'? You can solve NP-complete problems by search, which is classically O(N) but quantumly O(N^(1/2)). Still a 'hard' problem, though.

I agree with you about the serendipitous nature of one of the few exponential speedups belonging to an algorithm that can attack public-key encryption techniques. I would also say that quantum communications are more useful than quantum computers in the short term.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>PK, by &#8216;cannot solve&#8217;, do you mean &#8216;cannot solve in polynomial time&#8217;? You can solve NP-complete problems by search, which is classically O(N) but quantumly O(N^(1/2)). Still a &#8216;hard&#8217; problem, though.</p>
<p>I agree with you about the serendipitous nature of one of the few exponential speedups belonging to an algorithm that can attack public-key encryption techniques. I would also say that quantum communications are more useful than quantum computers in the short term.</p>
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		<title>By: PK</title>
		<link>http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/#comment-26126</link>
		<dc:creator>PK</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2006 00:07:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cosmicvariance.com/?p=833#comment-26126</guid>
		<description>First of all, according to our current understanding a quantum computer &lt;i&gt;cannot solve NP-complete problems&lt;/i&gt;. In fact, there are only a handful of problems for which a quantum computer provides an exponential speedup. In addition, there are a few important problems that gain a polynomial speedup. The fact that factoring is one of the former, and that it is the basis of all modern cryptography has caught the attention of  government agencies that carry large suitcases full of money. 

Every grant proposal now tries to make a connection to quantum computing, because that is where the money is. Some people are very cynical about this, but it has ensured a healthy level of funding for all branches of physics that concentrate on manipulating quantum systems. A lot of interesting results have come out of this (some nothing to do with quantum computing), and today we can do things that were wild dreams five years ago. I am convinced (&lt;a href="http://www.qubit.org/people/david/index.php?path=Weblog" rel="nofollow"&gt;as is David Deutsch&lt;/a&gt;) that we will have a working prototype of a quantum computer within a decade. What we'll do with it once the codes are cracked is a different matter. Don't forget that transistors were invented to make hearing aides.

Finally, we are slowly gaining a better understanding of what is &lt;i&gt;quantum&lt;/i&gt; about quantum information theory. We have a flurry of beautiful results, but right now I would say that we're at the point electromagnetism was in a decade before Maxwell. Quantum information needs its own James Clerk Maxwell to extract the essence of it all and condense it into a coherent theory. Personally, I believe that this theory will have something to say about quantum gravity, possibly via the holographic principle. 

We will see...</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>First of all, according to our current understanding a quantum computer <i>cannot solve NP-complete problems</i>. In fact, there are only a handful of problems for which a quantum computer provides an exponential speedup. In addition, there are a few important problems that gain a polynomial speedup. The fact that factoring is one of the former, and that it is the basis of all modern cryptography has caught the attention of  government agencies that carry large suitcases full of money. </p>
<p>Every grant proposal now tries to make a connection to quantum computing, because that is where the money is. Some people are very cynical about this, but it has ensured a healthy level of funding for all branches of physics that concentrate on manipulating quantum systems. A lot of interesting results have come out of this (some nothing to do with quantum computing), and today we can do things that were wild dreams five years ago. I am convinced (<a href="http://www.qubit.org/people/david/index.php?path=Weblog" rel="nofollow">as is David Deutsch</a>) that we will have a working prototype of a quantum computer within a decade. What we&#8217;ll do with it once the codes are cracked is a different matter. Don&#8217;t forget that transistors were invented to make hearing aides.</p>
<p>Finally, we are slowly gaining a better understanding of what is <i>quantum</i> about quantum information theory. We have a flurry of beautiful results, but right now I would say that we&#8217;re at the point electromagnetism was in a decade before Maxwell. Quantum information needs its own James Clerk Maxwell to extract the essence of it all and condense it into a coherent theory. Personally, I believe that this theory will have something to say about quantum gravity, possibly via the holographic principle. </p>
<p>We will see&#8230;</p>
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		<title>By: Sean</title>
		<link>http://cosmicvariance.com/2006/05/22/the-universe-is-structured-like-a-language/#comment-26124</link>
		<dc:creator>Sean</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2006 00:05:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://cosmicvariance.com/?p=833#comment-26124</guid>
		<description>cloois, these notions are somewhat vague, both because I am not an expert and because I think they are just vague at this point.  But there is one frequently-confusing issue that perhaps I can clear up.  By "simplicity" I was referring to algorithmic complexity of the &lt;em&gt;macrostate&lt;/em&gt; to which the universe belongs -- the description in which we consider only macroscopic variables, treating individual microscopic configurations as equivalent if they correspond to the same macroscopic description.  

Think of it this way:  how much information does it take to describe the air spread evenly throughout the room?  Well, if you insist that we specify the exact microstate, the position and momentum of every single molecule, it would require a huge amount of information.  From that point of view, the state is zero entropy and very complex.   But if we coarse-grain our description, paying attention only to the macroscopic variables, it's a very high-entropy state, and also very simple.  

Indeed, high-entropy states are always "simple" in that sense.  But low-entropy states may or may not be.  Having all the air molecules located in one corner of the room is low-entropy (there aren't many microstates that would correspond to such a macrostate, compared to all of the total set available), but it does have a simple description.  If the molecules were organized into some complex structure, it would be both low-entropy and low-simplicity.


Experts are welcome to chime in.  The notion of simplicity I'm using here doesn't correspond to any technical concept of which I'm aware.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>cloois, these notions are somewhat vague, both because I am not an expert and because I think they are just vague at this point.  But there is one frequently-confusing issue that perhaps I can clear up.  By &#8220;simplicity&#8221; I was referring to algorithmic complexity of the <em>macrostate</em> to which the universe belongs &#8212; the description in which we consider only macroscopic variables, treating individual microscopic configurations as equivalent if they correspond to the same macroscopic description.  </p>
<p>Think of it this way:  how much information does it take to describe the air spread evenly throughout the room?  Well, if you insist that we specify the exact microstate, the position and momentum of every single molecule, it would require a huge amount of information.  From that point of view, the state is zero entropy and very complex.   But if we coarse-grain our description, paying attention only to the macroscopic variables, it&#8217;s a very high-entropy state, and also very simple.  </p>
<p>Indeed, high-entropy states are always &#8220;simple&#8221; in that sense.  But low-entropy states may or may not be.  Having all the air molecules located in one corner of the room is low-entropy (there aren&#8217;t many microstates that would correspond to such a macrostate, compared to all of the total set available), but it does have a simple description.  If the molecules were organized into some complex structure, it would be both low-entropy and low-simplicity.</p>
<p>Experts are welcome to chime in.  The notion of simplicity I&#8217;m using here doesn&#8217;t correspond to any technical concept of which I&#8217;m aware.</p>
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